Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mary Margaret Rogers Author-Name: Robert A. Peterson Author-Name: Gerald Albaum Title: MEASURING BUSINESS RELATED ETHICALITY GLOBALLY: CULTURAL EMIC OR ETIC? Abstract: When conducting or evaluating cross-cultural/cross-national research studies a critical question must be asked about the measurements: are they culturally an emic or etic? That is, is the research methodology culturally bound or culture free? The research described in this paper shows how etic and emic properties may be explored by using the Ethicality Scale developed by Albaum and Peterson (2006) and demonstrates that it is at best an imposed etic scale. In doing so, this research confirms Adler’s (1991) view that similarity across cultures should be proven rather than assumed. It also raises questions about the frequent assumption of implied or imposed etic validity in cross cultural/cross-national research. Classification-JEL: M14, M16, M30 Keywords: Equivalency, Ethics, Ethicality Scale, Emic vs. Etic, Cross-cultural Research Journal: International Journal of Management and Marketing Research Pages: 1-14 Volume:6 Issue: 1 Year: 2013 File-URL: http://www.theibfr2.com/RePEc/ibf/ijmmre/ijmmr-v6n1-2013/IJMMR-V6N1-2013-1.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ibf:ijmmre:v:6:y:2013:i:1:p:1-14 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Todd Royle Title: EMBEDDEDNESS: THE NEXUS OF LEARNED NEEDS, CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, AND INFORMAL ACCOUNTABILITY FOR OTHERS Abstract: This research examines the relationship between the dimensions of McClelland’s Theory of needs (i.e., needs for power, achievement, and affiliation), conscientiousness, embeddedness, and informal accountability for others. This study’s aim is to enhance organizational research by demonstrating the mediating effects of embeddedness, on the relationship between conscientiousness, learned needs, and informal accountability for others. The research tests hypotheses using data collected from 187 working adults in the Southeastern United States. Findings indicated that embeddedness mediates, at least in part, the relationship between conscientiousness, achievement, power and affiliation needs and informal accountability for others. The paper concludes with a discussion of managerial implications, the study’s relevant strengths, limitations and directions for future research. Classification-JEL: M12, M14 Keywords: Theory of Needs, Personality, Embeddedness, Informal Accountability for Others Journal: International Journal of Management and Marketing Research Pages: 15-41 Volume:6 Issue: 1 Year: 2013 File-URL: http://www.theibfr2.com/RePEc/ibf/ijmmre/ijmmr-v6n1-2013/IJMMR-V6N1-2013-2.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ibf:ijmmre:v:6:y:2013:i:1:p:15-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Devin Alan Daugherty Author-Name: Ernesto Escobedo Title: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE DETERMINANTS OF SAFETY-NET HOSPITAL FAILURES Abstract: Several safety-net hospitals have closed in the United States, but the scholarly literature does not adequately explain why. This study examines the relationship between the operational status (open or closed) of safety-net hospitals and unemployment, median household income, gross profit margin, efficiency ratio, operating margin, excess margin, and salary and benefit expenses per full-time equivalent. Study data were collected and analyzed by means of a logistic regression analysis. A significant relationship between hospital operational status and unemployment, operating margin, and salary and benefit expenses per full-time equivalent was indicated in this study. A safety-net hospital closure model was developed that showed that unemployment, operating margin, and salary and benefit expenses per full-time equivalent had a direct impact on hospital closures. Safety-net hospitals that experience upward trends in the unemployment rate in the areas they serve and have a poor operating margin and high salary and benefit expenses that make them more likely to close. This study provides supporting data to hospital administrators so decisions can be made to avoid future safety-net hospital closures. Information from this research can also provide legislators information and data as to why safety-net hospitals close and used as a tool for health care reform. Classification-JEL: I14, I18, I28, I38 Keywords: Charity Care, County Hospitals, Finance Ratios, Indigent, Indigent Health Care, Medically Indigent, Safety-net Hospital, Uncompensated Care, Underinsured, Undocumented Alien Health Care, Unemployment, and Uninsured Journal: International Journal of Management and Marketing Research Pages: 43-66 Volume:6 Issue: 1 Year: 2013 File-URL: http://www.theibfr2.com/RePEc/ibf/ijmmre/ijmmr-v6n1-2013/IJMMR-V6N1-2013-3.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ibf:ijmmre:v:6:y:2013:i:1:p:43-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Victor Oladapo Author-Name: Godwin Onyeaso Title: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF SUB DIMENSIONS OF HIGH PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEMS THAT PREDICT ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION Abstract: Driven by calls for empirical research, this paper aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the specific sub-dimensions of high performance work systems (HPWS) that drive organizational innovation. To this end, data were gathered from a sample of 240 motel establishments in the USA. In sum, the paper found empirical evidence indicating that only two out of three sub-dimensions of HPWS predicted organizational innovation. Specifically, these two sub-dimensions relate to Administrative HR practices and Merit-Based HR Evaluation sub-dimensions. Finally, the academic and managerial significance of the study’s outcome are presented. Classification-JEL: M1, M2 Keywords: Hierarchical regression, Organizational innovation, High performance work systems Journal: International Journal of Management and Marketing Research Pages: 67-79 Volume:6 Issue: 1 Year: 2013 File-URL: http://www.theibfr2.com/RePEc/ibf/ijmmre/ijmmr-v6n1-2013/IJMMR-V6N1-2013-4.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ibf:ijmmre:v:6:y:2013:i:1:p:67-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charles M. Rambo Title: TIME REQUIRED TO BREAK-EVEN FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES: EVIDENCE FROM KENYA Abstract: The past two decades have seen exponential growth in the number of small and medium enterprises in Sub-Sahara Africa; however, about two-thirds of such enterprises often fail to take off, resulting to negative economic impacts at the micro and macro-levels. However, documentation of the subject remains limited, especially in Kenya. This study involved 146 enterprises that had been operational for between 1 and 5 years. Inclusion criteria included availability of consistent financial records as well as willingness to share such information. The findings showed that the duration taken to break-even ranged between 3 and 40 months. The level of training in financial management was the most important covariate, explaining up to 12.1% of variation in the duration taken to break-even. Ever training in financial management accounted for 10.2%, marketing (9.7%); educational attainment (8.6%), capitation-funding level (7.5%) and firm size (6.8%). The study recommends the need for universal entrepreneurship training programs, integration of entrepreneurship training in national plans, a multisectoral approach to entrepreneurship training, linkages between the private sector, academia and development partners as well as support centres at the county level to facilitate the development of such enterprises. Classification-JEL: O16 Keywords: Small and Medium Enterprises, Break-Even Analysis, Break-Even Point, Urban Slums Journal: International Journal of Management and Marketing Research Pages: 81-94 Volume:6 Issue: 1 Year: 2013 File-URL: http://www.theibfr2.com/RePEc/ibf/ijmmre/ijmmr-v6n1-2013/IJMMR-V6N1-2013-5.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ibf:ijmmre:v:6:y:2013:i:1:p:81-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fatemeh Mostafavi Shirazi Author-Name: Ahmad Puad Mat Som Title: RELATIONSHIP MARKETING AND DESTINATION LOYALTY: EVIDENCE FROM PENANG, MALAYSIA Abstract: Relationship marketing is a strategy to obtain a competitive advantage in tourism destinations. The term is defined as marketing activities for creating and maintaining customer loyalty. Despite the fact that creating customer loyalty is the main objective of relationship marketing, there is little agreement on which antecedents could be used to achieve it. This is particularly true in the competitive market of tourist destinations. This study attempts to examine the level of international tourists’ satisfaction with basic elements of destination (attraction, amenities, accessibility, image, price, people working in tourism), as well as the relationship between ‘overall satisfaction’ and destination loyalty in terms of revisit intention and recommendation. The results support the existing relationships between overall satisfaction and destination loyalty. We find that overall satisfaction is significant for revisit intention and recommendation. Finally, the paper discusses managerial implications as well as potential for further research in light of the findings. Classification-JEL: M30 Keywords: Relationship Marketing, Satisfaction, Basic Elements, Destination Loyalty Journal: International Journal of Management and Marketing Research Pages: 95-106 Volume:6 Issue: 1 Year: 2013 File-URL: http://www.theibfr2.com/RePEc/ibf/ijmmre/ijmmr-v6n1-2013/IJMMR-V6N1-2013-6.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ibf:ijmmre:v:6:y:2013:i:1:p:95-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rosidah Musa Author-Name: Rezian-na Muhammad Kassim Title: PREDICTORS AND OUTCOMES OF SPORT EVENT EXPERIENTIAL VALUE: INSIGHTS FROM FORMULA ONE PETRONAS MALAYSIA GRAND PRIX Abstract: Value creation for customers in the form of experiences has been gaining attention remarkably. Great customer experiences could fuel surprising wow moments of truth, or perhaps magic moment. In fact, customer experience is destined to act as the tool for differentiation strategy. Quality products and services are no longer sufficient for business sustainability, for customers need to bestow upon with satisfactory experiences that they valued. Research stream on experiential value is sparse; hence, this paper aims to fill the void by conducting an empirical investigation on predictors of sport event experiential value and in turn, assessing its impacts on total experience and loyalty. Distribution of the survey instrument at the vicinity of the Formula 1 Sepang International Circuit resulted in 225 usable feedbacks. Structural equation modeling procedure was employed to test the hypothesized linkages in the proposed research model. Evidence established that all the hypothesized linkages were supported. A discussion of the implications for future research directions and sports events organizers were deliberated. Classification-JEL: M3, M30, M31 Keywords: Experiential value, Formula 1, Involvement, Sport Orientation Journal: International Journal of Management and Marketing Research Pages: 107-120 Volume:6 Issue: 1 Year: 2013 File-URL: http://www.theibfr2.com/RePEc/ibf/ijmmre/ijmmr-v6n1-2013/IJMMR-V6N1-2013-7.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ibf:ijmmre:v:6:y:2013:i:1:p:107-120